Dans un œil normal, le trajet des rayons lumineux est modifié par la cornée et le cristallin pour lui permettre de converger vers la rétine. L'œil myope étant trop long, les rayons lumineux convergent en avant de la rétine. L'œil hypermétrope est trop court et les rayons lumineux convergent en arrière de la rétine. L'œil astigmate présente des anomalies de courbure cornéenne qui créent des distorsions de l'image rétinienne à toutes les distances. L'œil presbyte ne distingue pas clairement les objets proches.
La chirurgie au laser consiste à modifier la forme de la cornée ce qui permet de modifier le trajet des rayons lumineux. Elle est destinée à corriger la myopie, l'hypermétropie l'astigmatisme et la presbytie.
Après un pelage de la couche superficielle, les impacts de laser sont appliqués sur la surface de la cornée. En fin d'intervention une lentille thérapeutique ou un pansement est mis en place. Cette technique est pratiquée depuis les années 1990. Elle peut maintenant être associée dans certains cas à des traitements pharmacologiques ou physiques.
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